Bone netting needles (2) & bone awl for snowshoes webbing (1)

Name (French): aiguille à babiche
Name (Innu): amakᵘ / amakᵘ
Date Collected:
Institutions: Peenamin McKenzie School
Catalog Number: pm38
Place Made: Place made:
Maker: Shimun Michel
Collector: Peenamin MacKenzie school

References:

Lucien M. Turner. 1979[1894]. Indians and Eskimos in the Quebec-Labrador Peninsula. Quebec: Presses COMEDITEX. James W. VanStone. 1985. Material Culture of the Davis Inlet and Barren Ground Naskapi: the William Duncan Strong Collection. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History. Fieldiana, Anthropology New Series No.7. Drapeau dictionary (1999). Nutshimiu-atusseun. nd. Akuanutin nutshimiu-aimun. Sept-Iles: Centre de formation Nutshimiu atusseun. p.51.

Innu Narrative:

amak – bone needle from a caribou. This is used for lacing a snowshoe, assiminiapi-amakᵘ is also a caribou bone needle and it is used for lacing a snowshoe on the middle part. The tools that we have, I made them myself and my wife smoothed them. She used sandpaper.”  Shimun Michel

Other Info:

MacKenzie lists assiminiapi as “wide babiche (string) of hide for netting a snowshoe.”

MacKenzie lists amak as “netting needle for snowshoes.”

“The weaving was done with a bone needle…and the webbing was built up from the corners toward the center. The cord was held in the worker’s mouth and slack was taken up with the other hand… The central webbing, as noted in descriptions of the snowshoes in the collection, was coarser and much heavier; it was cut from the skin of a young male caribou. The strands of babiche were first soaked in hot water and then laid on a cloth in coils while being woven. The same triangular warp was used in the initial weaving, the warp ends being fastened to selvage lines at either end of the forward crossbar and to the center of the rear crossbar. The weaving extended from the two upper corners and, as it progressed, the size of the mesh was maintained with the aid of a bone awl… The webbing behind the space left for the toe was strengthened by binding it to the selvage lines with extra thongs.” VanStone (1985:18-19)

“A needle of bone, horn, or iron…is used for netting the snowshoes. The shape of the implement is flat and rounded at each point, to enable the needle to be used either backward or forward. The eye which carries the line is in the middle. Various sizes of needles are used for the different kinds of netting, of which the meshes differ greatly in size.”  Turner (1979[1894]:146).

Nutshimiu-atusseun and Drapeau (1999:791) list ueuetapekaikanashku as “régulateur de dimension dans le tissage d’une raquette (size regulator in snowshoe weaving).” This refers to the bone spike used to drag the webbing into place, gap by gap.